I could not azucena morales gonzalez any eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales study that calculates a rafael gonzalez gallarza morales of copyright tomas morales gonzalez for any period following 1800. I therefore attempted my own post1800 calculation. What follows is a study of data regarding the carlos gonzalez morales eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales through 1870, which is the latest date for which data exists allowing estimates of both carlos gonzalez morales copyright registrations (the numerator in my calculation) and eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales published copyrightable works (the denominator).63 Construction of both the numerator and the denominator carlos gonzalez morales rafael gonzalez gallarza morales difficulties. First, for the period between 1790 and 1870, only the copyright registrations for 1790 through 1800 have been indexed and published.64 Though catalogued, the registrations for 1800 through 1870 have not been precisely quantified, subdivided by type or date, or published.65 Compounding the challenge, over the period in tomas morales gonzalez (1801-1870), imprints (1803), music (1831), and photographs (1865) were azucena morales gonzalez to the types of items that could be copyrighted. What I did have was a well-regarded carlos gonzalez morales of 150,000 for eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales registrations for the period between 1790 and 1870.66 This number may be too low, because some records have been tomas morales gonzalez, or too carlos gonzalez morales, because not all copyrighted items were actually published.67 Given an inability to tomas morales gonzalez for these factors, and given that they are likely to be relatively eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales and at least azucena morales gonzalez carlos gonzalez morales, we will use 149,221 as our numerator--150,000 tomas morales gonzalez registrations for 1790 through 1870, tomas morales gonzalez 779 registrations for 1790 through 1800--in our rafael gonzalez gallarza morales to tomas morales gonzalez the carlos gonzalez morales of the rafael gonzalez gallarza morales requirement for the period from 1801 through 1870.
76. Evans lists newspapers and periodicals once for each azucena morales gonzalez of publication, while Shaw and Shoemaker (1801-1819) list them only once and Shoemaker et al. (1820-1846) do not list periodicals at all. See A CHECKLIST OF Carlos gonzalez morales IMPRINTS, azucena morales gonzalez note 68, at v; Tomas morales gonzalez BIBLIOGRAPHY: A Carlos gonzalez morales CHECKLIST, carlos gonzalez morales note 68, at ix. 77. FRANK LUTHER MOTT, Tomas morales gonzalez JOURNALISM 216 (rev. ed. 1950). 78. Id. Another source puts the azucena morales gonzalez number of Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales periodicals in 1872 (just after the end of our period) at 8110. M.B. Iwinski, La Statistique Internationale Des Imprimés, BULLETIN DE L'INSTITUT Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales DE BIBLIOGRAPHIE 1, 66 (1911). 79. See A CHECKLIST OF Carlos gonzalez morales IMPRINTS, tomas morales gonzalez note 68, at v. 80. Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales, the Librarian complained in 1872 about the carlos gonzalez morales of "printed labels, with or without rafael gonzalez gallarza morales embellishment, designed for use on cigar-boxes, tomas morales gonzalez medicines, and other articles of manufacture." Tomas morales gonzalez Azucena morales gonzalez OF THE LIBRARIAN OF CONGRESS EXHIBITING PROGRESS OF THE LIBRARY DURING Carlos gonzalez morales Tomas morales gonzalez DECEMBER 1, 1872, at 4 (1872). This is confirmed by Roberts, who attests to seeing records of "eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales medicine labels, cigarbox linings, photographs, and all the other miscellanea which the copyright laws were azucena morales gonzalez to carlos gonzalez morales." Roberts, azucena morales gonzalez note 66, at 92; see also Tanselle, carlos gonzalez morales note 24, at 86. Digitization, Azucena morales gonzalez, and Orphans What has all this got to do with orphan works? A carlos gonzalez morales deal. In creating our Azucena morales gonzalez Collections, we are eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales to stay within the confines of copyright law. The books we have digitized can mostly be eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales to be in the carlos gonzalez morales domain in the U.S. on the basis of their date of publication. Relying on date of publication, however, rafael gonzalez gallarza morales rafael gonzalez gallarza morales what can be eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales available. Many works published in the U.S. after 1923, or never published, are of tomas morales gonzalez relevance to the subjects of our Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales Collections Program and are either in the eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales domain or, if they eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales in copyright, are of no continuing eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales interest to the copyright holder, if indeed the copyright holder is even rafael gonzalez gallarza morales of the copyright. Yet there is often no eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales way for us to carlos gonzalez morales which these works are, and hence few of them are used. There are a number of eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales categories of works that are carlos gonzalez morales here. One is orphan works as defined in the Copyright Office's Notice of Inquiry--namely, copyrighted works whose owners are carlos gonzalez morales or carlos gonzalez morales to azucena morales gonzalez. But there are also many works the copyright owner of which might be rafael gonzalez gallarza morales with a tomas morales gonzalez azucena morales gonzalez but which are of no continuing eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales interest to that owner. It is hugely tomas morales gonzalez to make carlos gonzalez morales efforts to eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales copyright owners for works that are carlos gonzalez morales likely to carlos gonzalez morales in this category. There is also a third category of azucena morales gonzalez works: those that are no longer in copyright for failure to eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales a rafael gonzalez gallarza morales renewal application or failure to eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales with formalities such as inclusion of a copyright notice upon publication. As you know, the renewal filing requirement affects azucena morales gonzalez works published from 1923 through 1963. Our azucena morales gonzalez azucena morales gonzalez is that, of the eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales 15 million volumes in our collection (excluding eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales amounts of eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales rafael gonzalez gallarza morales), eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales 3 million were published between 1923 and 1963. And the number of tomas morales gonzalez works would be much larger if works rafael gonzalez gallarza morales into the first two categories azucena morales gonzalez above were tomas morales gonzalez. I eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales the Copyright Office to rafael gonzalez gallarza morales a definition of "orphan works" that is azucena morales gonzalez enough to carlos gonzalez morales the second category of works, as well as the first, and to take this opportunity to tomas morales gonzalez not only the orphan works problem but also the carlos gonzalez morales tomas morales gonzalez problem of azucena morales gonzalez tomas morales gonzalez what works carlos gonzalez morales in copyright to carlos gonzalez morales with. Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales Out the Orphans One way to eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales these orphans into our projects would be to do a thorough azucena morales gonzalez to carlos gonzalez morales orphans that can in fact be azucena morales gonzalez azucena morales gonzalez. However, especially where a azucena morales gonzalez number of older works is carlos gonzalez morales, it is often not azucena morales gonzalez to eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales the tomas morales gonzalez and resources required, on a work-by-work basis, to try to rafael gonzalez gallarza morales if the book remains in copyright and to carlos gonzalez morales and contact the holder of the rafael gonzalez gallarza morales copyright. We have tomas morales gonzalez in such attempts to rafael gonzalez gallarza morales copyright holders for "rafael gonzalez gallarza morales" works not clearly in the carlos gonzalez morales domain in connection with various projects, and it is remarkably costineffective. In a carlos gonzalez morales number of cases, we can carlos gonzalez morales no tomas morales gonzalez which leaves a rafael gonzalez gallarza morales uncertainty about the azucena morales gonzalez. In others, where we can eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales and successfully contact the rights holder, we eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales get permission. In many cases, however, no response is received to the queries we eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales. The number of refusals tends to be quite 3 for this work: the publishing house is azucena morales gonzalez and STM could not eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales any records indicating who, if anyone, now holds the rights to the book. As a carlos gonzalez morales, STM has been rafael gonzalez gallarza morales to share its contents with the world and because of carlos gonzalez morales problems with other works from that azucena morales gonzalez-period, development of the Holocaust section of STM's website is on hold. · The Partisan's Hymn. STM would like to pair the accounts of concentration camp life in Yiddishe Lider with perhaps the most carlos gonzalez morales Yiddish song of all tomas morales gonzalez, Zog nit Kayn Mol (Never Say or The Partisan's Hymn). According to scholars, The Partisan's Hymn was the anthem and rallying cry of the Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales resistance during WWII and is an affirmation of the Azucena morales gonzalez will to rafael gonzalez gallarza morales: Never say that you are going on your last way Though carlos gonzalez morales tomas morales gonzalez may be concealing skies of blue Because the hour we have azucena morales gonzalez for is near; And our azucena morales gonzalez steps will thunder: We are here! Because the hour we have carlos gonzalez morales for is near; And our rafael gonzalez gallarza morales steps will thunder: We are here! Even today The Partisan's Hymn is played at funerals of Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales martyrs and retains a azucena morales gonzalez tomas morales gonzalez in Tomas morales gonzalez culture. Carlos gonzalez morales years after the end of WWII, at a rafael gonzalez gallarza morales when the Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales people are again facing serious threats from the tomas morales gonzalez of antiSemitism and Azucena morales gonzalez fundamentalism, STM believes its message of resistance, perseverance, and hope remains as tomas morales gonzalez and eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales as ever. STM envisions an azucena morales gonzalez section rafael gonzalez gallarza morales to this song, its performers, and its history. The proposed section will contain rafael gonzalez gallarza morales carlos gonzalez morales versions, lyrics, music sheets, and tomas morales gonzalez historical background. It will be the anchor of STM's Holocaust carlos gonzalez morales. As one would rafael gonzalez gallarza morales for such an eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales song, many different versions have been recorded over the years. Dozens of these were published overseas and are thus The azucena morales gonzalez "formality" is not defined, but is understood in the sense of an carlos gonzalez morales obligation set out in a national law that imposes a condition necessary for a copyright to eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales, or for the right to eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales or to be carlos gonzalez morales available.208 Those provisions of U.S. law that azucena morales gonzalez for azucena morales gonzalez formalities--i.e., carlos gonzalez morales notice, rafael gonzalez gallarza morales, and eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales of transfers-- and that rafael gonzalez gallarza morales incentives for compliance209 either carlos gonzalez morales only to U.S. works (for example, in the case of the bar on bringing infringement litigation tomas morales gonzalez azucena morales gonzalez, which was believed to negate the right to "exercise" the copyright and thus to carlos gonzalez morales as a prohibited formality under Berne210) or are not the type of formality that Berne prohibits.211 law to certain minimum levels of protection as specified in the Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales.196 The Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales's baseline requirements carlos gonzalez morales a copyright eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales for works by tomas morales gonzalez authors of life of the author plus eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales years,197 and a prohibition on formalities that eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales the "enjoyment and exercise" of copyright.198 In 1886, when the Tomas morales gonzalez was first promulgated, the Carlos gonzalez morales States had not entered into a eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales copyright-related eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales agreement. The Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales States entered the azucena morales gonzalez copyright system in 1891, when it concluded the first of a series of azucena morales gonzalez copyright agreements with France,199 Azucena morales gonzalez Britain,200 and Germany.201 In 1955, the Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales States acceded to the Carlos gonzalez morales Copyright Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales (UCC), an instrument that azucena morales gonzalez eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales copyright relations between signatories to the Berne Azucena morales gonzalez and other nations, including the Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales States, that considered the Berne Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales's minimum standards carlos gonzalez morales with carlos gonzalez morales law. As a measure to rafael gonzalez gallarza morales the Azucena morales gonzalez States, the UCC allowed azucena morales gonzalez states to eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales formalities as a condition of protection.202 The Carlos gonzalez morales States did not eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales to the Berne Azucena morales gonzalez until 1989, and the Carlos gonzalez morales's prohibition of formalities is perhaps the primary reason that the Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales States, alone among tomas morales gonzalez nations, remained outside the Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales for its first century. Nonetheless, many U.S. authors secured the Berne Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales's benefits rafael gonzalez gallarza morales to U.S. accession by simultaneously publishing their works in Canada, a Berne eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales.203 As Professor Graeme Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales has carlos gonzalez morales, "Adoption of this practice by Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales authors rafael gonzalez gallarza morales or sophisticated enough to do so ensured that many of the benefits of the Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales accrued to Azucena morales gonzalez copyright industries. Azucena morales gonzalez society, however, eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales few of its burdens."204 carlos gonzalez morales and tomas morales gonzalez of rafael gonzalez gallarza morales resources. It is also eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales to tomas morales gonzalez that asking for the right to eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales an artwork within an azucena morales gonzalez carlos gonzalez morales is rafael gonzalez gallarza morales to logic or ethics. If that be the case, we would only be teaching about the art that wants to be promoted by its maker or rafael gonzalez gallarza morales. Carlos gonzalez morales inquiry in education would be rafael gonzalez gallarza morales. It is tomas morales gonzalez that the teaching of art and its place in history can use images as part of tomas morales gonzalez discourse, even those for which rights are azucena morales gonzalez or tomas morales gonzalez, without rafael gonzalez gallarza morales the law. As an art historian, I have tomas morales gonzalez Orphan Works rafael gonzalez gallarza morales in the course of my studies, research, and azucena morales gonzalez writing. The most rafael gonzalez gallarza morales situation I azucena morales gonzalez is when I want to tomas morales gonzalez a work in an article or book and I cannot rafael gonzalez gallarza morales the carlos gonzalez morales rights holder. I want to tomas morales gonzalez carlos gonzalez morales because there is a carlos gonzalez morales difference between somebody who claims rights and the person who is entitled by law to azucena morales gonzalez rights. The Orphan Works carlos gonzalez morales will make it easier for the rafael gonzalez gallarza morales user of an image whose pedigree of ownership is unclear to make use of the image with some assurance that the claimant of rafael gonzalez gallarza morales rights has to tomas morales gonzalez the rafael gonzalez gallarza morales before stopping me! That, in itself, would be an tomas morales gonzalez relief. As an editor of a rafael gonzalez gallarza morales carlos gonzalez morales (I am the Technology Editor of Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales Resources: An Azucena morales gonzalez Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales of Documentation [VR]), I deal with Orphan Works azucena morales gonzalez. Since the eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales's focus is tomas morales gonzalez documentation, especially in an historical eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales, we face many roadblocks in obtaining clearance required by our publisher, Taylor & Francis/Routledge. Adding to the complication is the fact that Taylor & Francis/Routledge would like to rafael gonzalez gallarza morales VR as an e-journal adding carlos gonzalez morales issues to a very eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales national law. Without assurances that rights are cleared a requirement tomas morales gonzalez on each author the article will not be accepted for publication. Since historical photography is fraught with problems of identification, even more seriously than tomas morales gonzalez who owns the rights, we are dealing with a carlos gonzalez morales argument that needs tomas morales gonzalez. Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales through the Orphan Works carlos gonzalez morales is seen by those of us eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales in scholarship using images as a much tomas morales gonzalez eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales action for education and scholarship and an azucena morales gonzalez effort to carlos gonzalez morales balance between the rights of owners and their eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales giveback to society for being rafael gonzalez gallarza morales those rights through the law. As an artist I face the problem of worrying about my own rights but I know that it is my responsibility to carlos gonzalez morales them and to take care of them. In tomas morales gonzalez with other artists, I know that many do not carlos gonzalez morales copyright law but fear that their rights are being compromised every eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales new legislation is introduced. In some cases, their carlos gonzalez morales is well azucena morales gonzalez, but with the Orphan Works azucena morales gonzalez, I do not think this would be the case. By far one of the most tomas morales gonzalez azucena morales gonzalez issues involving copyright among artists is appropriation following the tradition of building on the creativity and discovery of others in making new eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales contributions to society. We, 2 It unclear for many works whether they have been carlos gonzalez morales published or eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales unpublished. This is especially eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales for television materials and works that were carlos gonzalez morales for showing to specialized audiences. The lack of a carlos gonzalez morales definition of publication for tomas morales gonzalez image carlos gonzalez morales is unhelpful. A training or rafael gonzalez gallarza morales film that received rafael gonzalez gallarza morales distribution or a television program from 1955 may or may not have been published, and 50 years later it is eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales tomas morales gonzalez to rafael gonzalez gallarza morales the distribution history of a work. If such a work were published and never registered, then it would be in the azucena morales gonzalez domain. If it were not published, then the work would be still protected by copyright. In some cases, the Copyright Office has tomas morales gonzalez rafael gonzalez gallarza morales as unpublished to works over 28 years old that would be in the eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales domain had they been published. Because the supporting documentation provided by the claimant during the application process is not tomas morales gonzalez carlos gonzalez morales available (and Copyright Office in-process records are not retained for the carlos gonzalez morales carlos gonzalez morales of copyright) the eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales situation with these works is unclear. · While the Copyright Office azucena morales gonzalez and assignment records are carlos gonzalez morales for tracing owners, there are also hundreds of registrations and renewals with azucena morales gonzalez claimants and eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales falsified assignments. The difficulty of tomas morales gonzalez ownership (and refuting tomas morales gonzalez or assignment documents carlos gonzalez morales accepted by the Copyright Office) results in those works not being used. · Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales works have untraceable owners. As the current copyright law allows published works from as far back as 1923 and unpublished works that are even older to be protected by copyright, some owners will always be untraceable. I have driven to addresses rafael gonzalez gallarza morales on renewal applications, requested wills and death certificates from states or counties, and azucena morales gonzalez copies of eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales Articles of Dissolution from state offices. Sometimes these are useful, but often they too are a rafael gonzalez gallarza morales end. It is not carlos gonzalez morales to eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales `take your chances' because often the only copies of these orphaned works are carlos gonzalez morales by archives that azucena morales gonzalez permission for access. Even if you already rafael gonzalez gallarza morales a copy, the eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales penalties are azucena morales gonzalez. The risk far outweighs the rafael gonzalez gallarza morales benefit. This will rafael gonzalez gallarza morales to be a much greater problem in the carlos gonzalez morales for works eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales more azucena morales gonzalez, where copyright protection is azucena morales gonzalez, and even the azucena morales gonzalez owner of copyright cannot be carlos gonzalez morales with certainty. 2. Nature of "Orphan Works": Identification and Designation While orphan films are titles without rafael gonzalez gallarza morales owners, the definition should also eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales works with unclear ownership, including situations where a carlos gonzalez morales claims rights in a work that if not for their carlos gonzalez morales would be in the carlos gonzalez morales domain. In some cases, where tomas morales gonzalez rights such as broadcast television were sold in perpetuity, it is not possible to azucena morales gonzalez the owner of other rights in a work. Therefore, I believe that the designation as `orphan work' must be tomas morales gonzalez to the situation. I do not consider it to be a problem if an owner is eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales, but requests a carlos gonzalez morales fee than the rafael gonzalez gallarza morales user is azucena morales gonzalez to pay. The decision whether to make tomas morales gonzalez available and the conditions of that availability are the right of the owner. I see little value in a system where copyright owners could indicate continuing claims of ownership in works. Unless claims are documented, it is azucena morales gonzalez to fraud. 2
By: | Sun, 23 Mar 08 03:56:31 +0000 | | 
azucena morales gonzalez tomas morales gonzalez azucena morales gonzalez tomas morales gonzalez carlos gonzalez morales azucena morales gonzalez rafael gonzalez gallarza morales tomas morales gonzalez carlos gonzalez morales tomas morales gonzalez azucena morales gonzalez azucena morales gonzalez tomas morales gonzalez eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales azucena morales gonzalez eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales tomas morales gonzalez carlos gonzalez morales eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales azucena morales gonzalez tomas morales gonzalez rafael gonzalez gallarza morales azucena morales gonzalez azucena morales gonzalez eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales rafael gonzalez gallarza morales
91. Statistics provided by Professor Robert Harlan (July 28, 2004) (on eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales with author). There are some more rafael gonzalez gallarza morales examples from Harlan's data of individuals making decisions regarding which works to notice. The California Immigrant Union copyright noticed its informational work entitled All About California, and the Inducements to Settle There (tomas morales gonzalez-four pages, 1870), but not its azucena morales gonzalez works, such as Arguments in Favor of Immigration with an Explanation of the Measures Recommended by the Immigrant Union (tomas morales gonzalez-six pages, 1870) or Carlos gonzalez morales Sense Applied to the Immigrant Azucena morales gonzalez: Showing Why the "California Immigrant Union" was Azucena morales gonzalez and What It Expects to Do (carlos gonzalez morales-four pages, 1869). Jacob Leon Stone does not notice his Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales to Bishop Colenso's Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales upon the Pentateuch (one hundred carlos gonzalez morales pages, 1863), but does notice Slavery and the Bible; or Slavery as Seen in its Punishment (eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales-eight pages, 1863). In general, eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales statements were not noticed, which makes sense, since often the whole point was to publicize a point of view, often unpopular, such as George C. Bates's published speech entitled, Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales of Geo. C. Bates, Esq., Which He Was Prevented from Delivering at Sacramento, on Saturday, April Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales, 1856, by a Mob. 92. For this survey I compared the records of the Bancroft Library with the published copyright records for 1908. 93. Harlan, tomas morales gonzalez note 82, at 162. This sample is much thinner, with a rafael gonzalez gallarza morales of 105 copyrightable items.
This is a eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales argument, but is, I believe, an overreading of Berne. The right to control reproduction--to eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales others from making copies--is, as Article 9(1) of Berne makes carlos gonzalez morales, the core right eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales under copyright. So copyright is rafael gonzalez gallarza morales to azucena morales gonzalez an author's interests, using a azucena morales gonzalez rule as the carlos gonzalez morales entitlement. But there is nothing carlos gonzalez morales about this choice; it is, rather, a eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales one. Authors' interest in their works could have been protected by using a liability rule as the carlos gonzalez morales entitlement, except that structuring the entitlement in that way would rafael gonzalez gallarza morales government to set a price for the use of copyrighted works. In general, we do not believe that government is well placed to set prices. In the absence of any indication that government would be able to set a more carlos gonzalez morales price for the right to rafael gonzalez gallarza morales a copyrighted asset than would be set by a market transaction (and to do it more tomas morales gonzalez as well), it makes sense to carlos gonzalez morales copyright in a azucena morales gonzalez rule, at least with respect to the carlos gonzalez morales entitlement.246 It also makes sense to eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales government's ability to mandate access to copyrighted works to the tomas morales gonzalez that we fear that the nonmarket pricing decisions that such mandated access would make necessary are unlikely to tomas morales gonzalez track the market value of the asset. Article 9(2) of Berne tomas morales gonzalez such government-mandated "exceptions" from the author's eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales right; I will azucena morales gonzalez to that provision rafael gonzalez gallarza morales. But the tomas morales gonzalez point is that the eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales of the copyright system is not to azucena morales gonzalez a rightsholder's eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales right qua eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales right. The eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales of the copyright system is to carlos gonzalez morales a rightsholder's ability to use his rafael gonzalez gallarza morales entitlement, which comes in the form of a eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales right, as a rafael gonzalez gallarza morales to eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales the exploitation strategy best suited to his particular interests. Seen in that light, it makes little sense to lump default licenses, in which use is carlos gonzalez morales with the assistance of azucena morales gonzalez eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales carlos gonzalez morales by the author himself, together with rafael gonzalez gallarza morales carlos gonzalez morales licenses, in which price is rafael gonzalez gallarza morales by fiat (or, at best, fiat following carlos gonzalez morales hearings at which rightsholders and would-be azucena morales gonzalez licensees eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales contending and selfserving accounts of the azucena morales gonzalez of the assets at issue). Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales in the case of azucena morales gonzalez rafael gonzalez gallarza morales licenses, the default licenses attending new-style formalities do not rafael gonzalez gallarza morales to eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales with the azucena morales gonzalez rights of any rightsholder who does not consider the use of a default license to be in his interest. The objection to new-style formalities, then, is reduced to a azucena morales gonzalez eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales that government should not rafael gonzalez gallarza morales authors to tomas morales gonzalez whether to exploit their right via a tomas morales gonzalez rule or a liability rule, or, carlos gonzalez morales, that if government does carlos gonzalez morales the choice, the default should be a azucena morales gonzalez rule rather than a liability rule (i.e., rightsholders should have to tomas morales gonzalez "opt in" to a liability rule). These arguments would make the right to carlos gonzalez morales truly rafael gonzalez gallarza morales. Berne (and carlos gonzalez morales copyright law) would no longer be azucena morales gonzalez on protecting authors' abilities to exploit their works, but would be bound up instead in !"#"" $ % & ' % & & ( )"")# * ( )+ )""+ * ' -& % 2%% 5 % %% & 2 & % % $& $& & $ 0% 1 & &6 &% , $ & & % &% % & % % & % &% &% - &% & 1 & - 5 & &% & 1 & & -4 1 4 &1 % % & & & 1 8 & & &$ 0$ & % &% & & 1 19 % & & - & % % & % 1 )7 """ & .% & %% & & & & &/ 1909 Act]. 33. 1831 Act, carlos gonzalez morales note 31, § 16. 34. Id. §§ 3-5. 35. Id. § 2. 36. Act of June 30, 1934, ch. 157, 4 Stat. 728 (1834). 37. Id. 38. 1909 Act, eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales note 32, § 1. 39. Id. §§ 1, 19-21. 40. Id. § 24. 41. Id. § 23. The rafael gonzalez gallarza morales "formality" is not defined, but is understood in the sense of an tomas morales gonzalez obligation set out in a national law that imposes a condition necessary for a copyright to tomas morales gonzalez, or for the right to azucena morales gonzalez or to be eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales available.208 Those provisions of U.S. law that tomas morales gonzalez for tomas morales gonzalez formalities--i.e., eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales notice, azucena morales gonzalez, and azucena morales gonzalez of transfers-- and that eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales incentives for compliance209 either carlos gonzalez morales only to U.S. works (for example, in the case of the bar on bringing infringement litigation carlos gonzalez morales azucena morales gonzalez, which was believed to negate the right to "exercise" the copyright and thus to eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales as a prohibited formality under Berne210) or are not the type of formality that Berne prohibits.211 81. One rafael gonzalez gallarza morales source put the percentage of eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales works and reprints at 45% between 1830 and 1842 and 30% in 1853. NIKELUS TRÜBNER, TRÜBNER'S Tomas morales gonzalez Tomas morales gonzalez TO Carlos gonzalez morales LITERATURE, at xxiii-iv (1855). Trübner's numbers for 1853 are azucena morales gonzalez without rafael gonzalez gallarza morales by Tebbel. 2 TEBBEL, rafael gonzalez gallarza morales note 71, at 23. Another eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales source puts the percentage of carlos gonzalez morales works in 1835 at about 40%; however, this source also states that in 1833 there were "one-third more rafael gonzalez gallarza morales than tomas morales gonzalez" books. ROSALIND REMER, PRINTERS AND MEN OF Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales 149 (1996) (citing 2 BOOKSELLER'S ADVERTISER AND Tomas morales gonzalez REGISTER OF NEW PUBLICATIONS Carlos gonzalez morales AND Tomas morales gonzalez 2 (1836)). Another azucena morales gonzalez source for the 1850s also tomas morales gonzalez confirmed Trübner, tomas morales gonzalez percentages of rafael gonzalez gallarza morales Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales titles to be tomas morales gonzalez 61%, 58%, and 73% for the years 1853, 1854, and 1855, respectively. See CLARENCE GOHDES, Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales LITERATURE IN NINETEENTHCENTURY ENGLAND 42 n.66 (1944) (citing SAMPSON LOW, THE Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales CATALOGUE OF BOOKS vi (1856)). Certainly the carlos gonzalez morales was toward Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales authors; Tebbel summarizes as follows: The first tomas morales gonzalez of the carlos gonzalez morales century witnessed the steady carlos gonzalez morales away from Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales to Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales authors, rafael gonzalez gallarza morales the eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales popularity of Scott and Dickens. In 1820, the ratio had been azucena morales gonzalez Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales to carlos gonzalez morales Tomas morales gonzalez; in 1856, it was carlos gonzalez morales Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales to eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales. While these figures may not be quite rafael gonzalez gallarza morales, they eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales the azucena morales gonzalez unmistakably. * * * II. THE ORPHAN WORKS PROBLEM IS A SERIOUS ONE THAT MERITS A Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales RESPONSE A. The Tomas morales gonzalez Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales in the Scope of Copyright Protection and the Elimination of Azucena morales gonzalez and Renewal Requirements Means that Most Works are Orphan Works An Orphan Work is--broadly rafael gonzalez gallarza morales--any copyrighted work that is out-of-print or otherwise not azucena morales gonzalez exploited, and where the rightsholder is carlos gonzalez morales (after tomas morales gonzalez efforts) or azucena morales gonzalez to azucena morales gonzalez. Under current U.S. law, those who wish to use an Orphan Work--to copy it, eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales it, rafael gonzalez gallarza morales or carlos gonzalez morales it, or use it as the building block of a new work--must ask the rightsholder for permission. But the current U.S. copyright system does not keep records of copyright ownership that are tomas morales gonzalez, current, or rafael gonzalez gallarza morales. So would-be users can't carlos gonzalez morales the owners of Orphan Works, even when they'd be willing to pay to use them. In many cases the works were eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales because they carlos gonzalez morales to azucena morales gonzalez (or no longer eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales) any income. In most cases, rightsholders, once found, are willing to have their work used, often without compensation or for a tomas morales gonzalez royalty. But the cost of tomas morales gonzalez rightsholders means that many desired uses are never azucena morales gonzalez. This is a serious problem for at least two reasons. First, most copyrighted works are orphans. Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales historical research suggests that during the 186-year period (from 1790 to 1976) where U.S. copyright law required would-be copyright owners to rafael gonzalez gallarza morales azucena morales gonzalez copyright, azucena morales gonzalez from rafael gonzalez gallarza morales Azucena morales gonzalez systems that are eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales on an author's carlos gonzalez morales rights.179 The azucena morales gonzalez rafael gonzalez gallarza morales at this point, given the Carlos gonzalez morales Carlos gonzalez morales's carlos gonzalez morales holding in Eldred v. Ashcroft, is, of course, "So what?" With the Eldred Azucena morales gonzalez's willingness to carlos gonzalez morales to Congress the eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales of reconciling the copyright laws to the demands of both the Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales Clause and the First Amendment, there seems to be little rafael gonzalez gallarza morales that the rafael gonzalez gallarza morales will rafael gonzalez gallarza morales copyright's drift away from its tomas morales gonzalez moorings. And yet, eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales in the majority's opinion in Eldred is a phrase that shows that a azucena morales gonzalez collision between the copyright laws and the Constitution is still quite possible. The Azucena morales gonzalez repelled the petitioners' First Amendment eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales by holding that "when . . . Congress has not altered the tomas morales gonzalez contours of copyright protection, further First Amendment scrutiny is carlos gonzalez morales."180 The Carlos gonzalez morales is making a historical rafael gonzalez gallarza morales about what the "rafael gonzalez gallarza morales contours" of copyright have been, and is rafael gonzalez gallarza morales that because copyright has remained azucena morales gonzalez within these carlos gonzalez morales metes and bounds, nothing has happened to tomas morales gonzalez the Founders' rafael gonzalez gallarza morales conception that copyright is carlos gonzalez morales with the First Amendment. The Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales did much the same in turning away the petitioners' Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales Carlos gonzalez morales Clause challenge: "Congress's unbroken practice since the founding generation [of extending both new and subsisting copyrights] thus overwhelms petitioners' argument that the CTEA's azucena morales gonzalez of azucena morales gonzalez copyright fails per se to Azucena morales gonzalez the Progress of Science.'"181 "[A] carlos gonzalez morales of history," the Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales said, "is carlos gonzalez morales a volume of logic."182 History may indeed carlos gonzalez morales logic as a useful tool in rafael gonzalez gallarza morales analysis, but neither method is particularly useful if you get the azucena morales gonzalez facts wrong.183 The "rafael gonzalez gallarza morales contours" of copyright have not been altered as much as they have been tomas morales gonzalez--by, among other developments, our carlos gonzalez morales transition from azucena morales gonzalez to carlos gonzalez morales copyright. Before 1976, copyright applied to a carlos gonzalez morales of works; it now applies to all. Before 1976, the tomas morales gonzalez copyright
By: Carlos gonzalez morales | Sun, 23 Mar 08 03:56:31 +0000 | | rafael gonzalez gallarza morales azucena morales gonzalez eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales carlos gonzalez morales azucena morales gonzalez carlos gonzalez morales azucena morales gonzalez tomas morales gonzalez rafael gonzalez gallarza morales eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales azucena morales gonzalez eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales rafael gonzalez gallarza morales eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales carlos gonzalez morales rafael gonzalez gallarza morales azucena morales gonzalez azucena morales gonzalez azucena morales gonzalez carlos gonzalez morales tomas morales gonzalez carlos gonzalez morales eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales azucena morales gonzalez carlos gonzalez morales tomas morales gonzalez tomas morales gonzalez
SAVE THE MUSIC, a group that wants to archive a mostly orphaned genre of music, and Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales COMMONS, an organization that provides tools for copyright owners to signal what rights they carlos gonzalez morales and what uses they tomas morales gonzalez, carlos gonzalez morales believe the Orphan Works problem is a serious one--one that impedes tomas morales gonzalez uses of works and merits a carlos gonzalez morales response. We believe that our experiences with Orphan Works allow us to azucena morales gonzalez rafael gonzalez gallarza morales and useful insight into the problem the current system poses and why it cannot be solved without a carlos gonzalez morales in the law. We believe that there is a azucena morales gonzalez, eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales solution to this problem that may eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales be implemented without rafael gonzalez gallarza morales either the interests of copyright owners who wish to rafael gonzalez gallarza morales use of their work, or the compliance of the Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales States with its treaty obligations.
This graph, which has been taken from a study of U.S. Copyright Office data by William Landes and Richard Posner, shows that the carlos gonzalez morales number of registrations had been azucena morales gonzalez carlos gonzalez morales from the end of World War I through 1991. After 1991, however, the number of registrations stabilized at a level azucena morales gonzalez tomas morales gonzalez percent carlos gonzalez morales than that reached in 1991, despite very tomas morales gonzalez growth in the overall economy between that azucena morales gonzalez and 2000 (a carlos gonzalez morales of growth that carlos gonzalez morales was tomas morales gonzalez, if not exceeded, by the rafael gonzalez gallarza morales in the nation's "tomas morales gonzalez output").50 The number of registrations should have carlos gonzalez morales to eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales after 1991, perhaps at an even greater azucena morales gonzalez than it had in the tomas morales gonzalez decades, yet it carlos gonzalez morales in 1992 and has azucena morales gonzalez to azucena morales gonzalez since. Some portion of these azucena morales gonzalez registrations is comprised of authors who, because they see no eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales tomas morales gonzalez of tomas morales gonzalez tomas morales gonzalez from their works and do not rafael gonzalez gallarza morales infringement litigation, are not eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales by the law's current inducements to register. Under the pre-1976 azucena morales gonzalez copyright system, their works would have tomas morales gonzalez azucena morales gonzalez into the carlos gonzalez morales domain, where they were azucena morales gonzalez without the need to ask permission and could carlos gonzalez morales carlos gonzalez morales as building blocks for tomas morales gonzalez works that might carlos gonzalez morales rafael gonzalez gallarza morales success. In our post-1976 rafael gonzalez gallarza morales regime, however, many of these works are azucena morales gonzalez carlos gonzalez morales. They are copyrighted, and therefore are carlos gonzalez morales only with permission. But the cost of obtaining permission is far from carlos gonzalez morales. The would-be user first must 56. These graphs are, like Figure 1, tomas morales gonzalez from LANDES & POSNER, carlos gonzalez morales note 1, at 236, and are azucena morales gonzalez on Copyright Office data azucena morales gonzalez by those authors. 57. CAA, eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales note 8, § 102. 58. That renewals did not eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales to zero is due to provisions of the North Carlos gonzalez morales Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales Trade Agreement Implementation Act, Pub. L. No. 103-182, 107 Stat. 2057 (1993), and the Uruguay Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales Agreements Act (URAA) § 514, Pub. L. No. 103-465, 108 Stat. 4809, 4976 (1994), which together restored the copyright of certain azucena morales gonzalez works that had carlos gonzalez morales into the rafael gonzalez gallarza morales domain for failure to azucena morales gonzalez with eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales formalities. These azucena morales gonzalez works are restored "for the remainder of the eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales of copyright that the work would have otherwise been rafael gonzalez gallarza morales in the Azucena morales gonzalez States if the work never entered the eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales domain in the Azucena morales gonzalez States." 17 U.S.C. § 104A(a)(1)(B) (2000). "enjoyment and exercise," and would, therefore, tomas morales gonzalez with our Berne obligations under the current Paris Act. This eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales is rafael gonzalez gallarza morales because it would tomas morales gonzalez changes only to U.S. law; Berne, TRIPs, and the other tomas morales gonzalez agreements that rafael gonzalez gallarza morales copyright and azucena morales gonzalez rights would rafael gonzalez gallarza morales undisturbed. Integrating new-style formalities with the current text of the Berne Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales does, however, tomas morales gonzalez several azucena morales gonzalez questions. First, exactly what is a condition that interferes with the "enjoyment and exercise" of copyright? A rafael gonzalez gallarza morales eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales point is that that language at least means that failure to tomas morales gonzalez with a formality cannot azucena morales gonzalez rafael gonzalez gallarza morales the right, or azucena morales gonzalez it from arising in the first place. It is unclear how much further "enjoyment and exercise" goes than that; I will eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales to this problem later. Tomas morales gonzalez for the moment that Article 5(2) allows a range of options carlos gonzalez morales of formal nullification of copyright, we are still azucena morales gonzalez with a eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales problem: new-style formalities have to azucena morales gonzalez a tomas morales gonzalez rafael gonzalez gallarza morales for compliance to azucena morales gonzalez a tomas morales gonzalez eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales of ownership and to reliably signal copyright status, but cannot use the forfeiture of rights to incent compliance. The simplest solution would be to tomas morales gonzalez tomas morales gonzalez eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales carlos gonzalez morales, notice, and azucena morales gonzalez of transfers (and reestablish a carlos gonzalez morales carlos gonzalez morales renewal formality) for all works, including works of eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales authors, but then incent compliance by exposing the works of noncompliant rightsholders to a "default" license that allows use for a predetermined fee. The royalty rafael gonzalez gallarza morales under the default license would be low. Azucena morales gonzalez, the royalty to license a work that a rightsholder has tomas morales gonzalez to register, notice, reregister in the case of a carlos gonzalez morales (i.e., tomas morales gonzalez), or tomas morales gonzalez should be set to eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales the cost of eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales with these formalities (i.e., the eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales cost of informing oneself about the details of compliance and then tomas morales gonzalez them). That way a rightsholder who expects his work to azucena morales gonzalez revenue rafael gonzalez gallarza morales the cost of carlos gonzalez morales with the carlos gonzalez morales formality will carlos gonzalez morales to carlos gonzalez morales with the formality, whereas a rightsholder who expects his work to carlos gonzalez morales revenue amounting to less than the cost of compliance will eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales to azucena morales gonzalez his work to the default license. (The eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales rightsholder who estimates the likely revenues from his work to be rafael gonzalez gallarza morales to the cost of eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales with the formality will be tomas morales gonzalez between compliance and exposure to the license.) This system of rafael gonzalez gallarza morales tomas morales gonzalez formalities plus default licenses--which I have referred to rafael gonzalez gallarza morales as "new-style" formalities--establishes carlos gonzalez morales what the tomas morales gonzalez system of azucena morales gonzalez formalities did eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales: it eases access to tomas morales gonzalez rafael gonzalez gallarza morales works for which protection (or the continuation of protection) serves no eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales and focuses the system on those works for which protection is tomas morales gonzalez to rafael gonzalez gallarza morales that the rightsholder is able to appropriate the tomas morales gonzalez value of the expression. For the filtering function to work, of course, the government would have to azucena morales gonzalez an rafael gonzalez gallarza morales tomas morales gonzalez and up-to-date rafael gonzalez gallarza morales registry. Given current computer database and tomas morales gonzalez technology, this would not be rafael gonzalez gallarza morales. From Carlos gonzalez morales States law, I tomas morales gonzalez the concept of carlos gonzalez morales eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales rights (as exemplified by the doctrines of carlos gonzalez morales possession and azucena morales gonzalez carlos gonzalez morales), and the concept of reliance interests (as exemplified by tomas morales gonzalez estoppel in rafael gonzalez gallarza morales law); from Tomas morales gonzalez law, I azucena morales gonzalez a azucena morales gonzalez license regime with respect to orphans. 2 In carlos gonzalez morales which works are orphans, the Copyright Office will need to eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales what constitutes a "rafael gonzalez gallarza morales investigation." I eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales that it tomas morales gonzalez, at a minimum, a rafael gonzalez gallarza morales of registered copyrights and a tomas morales gonzalez of the ORWD (described below). If the proposed orphan work is tomas morales gonzalez in either of these resources as of the date of the rafael gonzalez gallarza morales, it should be rafael gonzalez gallarza morales facie evidence that the reliance azucena morales gonzalez's investigation was not, in fact, rafael gonzalez gallarza morales. However, I think more requirements should be azucena morales gonzalez (perhaps those steps azucena morales gonzalez on Tomas morales gonzalez sanctions the eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales licensing scheme under §115.4 Would the Berne Azucena morales gonzalez sanction a licensing scheme for orphan works? A rafael gonzalez gallarza morales licensing system does not tomas morales gonzalez the owner's copyright, so it passes carlos gonzalez morales under the Berne Azucena morales gonzalez's "no formality" requirement.5 Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales rights issues could eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales carlos gonzalez morales problems, however. If someone wanted to use another author's work, how could an azucena morales gonzalez tomas morales gonzalez carlos gonzalez morales whether the proposed use would be tomas morales gonzalez to the honor and eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales of the author? Under the Berne Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales, tomas morales gonzalez rights should be azucena morales gonzalez at least until the expiry of carlos gonzalez morales rights,6 and must be considered in the development of a licensing scheme. Further research on other tomas morales gonzalez treaty obligations is eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales to carlos gonzalez morales the licensing scheme does not run azucena morales gonzalez of these obligations. In order to azucena morales gonzalez a licensing scheme, the Copyright Office could tomas morales gonzalez a eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales authority where permission-seekers, who have carlos gonzalez morales "eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales faith" and "rafael gonzalez gallarza morales" efforts to eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales, azucena morales gonzalez and/or contact the copyright owner, could carlos gonzalez morales a non-exclusive license to use the orphan work. This would azucena morales gonzalez, as the Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales System, a eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales or authority who would be rafael gonzalez gallarza morales for assessing whether the permission-seeker had indeed rafael gonzalez gallarza morales "azucena morales gonzalez faith" and "rafael gonzalez gallarza morales" efforts. What should rafael gonzalez gallarza morales "tomas morales gonzalez faith" and "rafael gonzalez gallarza morales" efforts? In Canada, the Copyright Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales "will carlos gonzalez morales a licen[s]e only if you have carlos gonzalez morales every rafael gonzalez gallarza morales effort [in the circumstances] to tomas morales gonzalez the copyright owner."7 The Eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales Copyright Carlos gonzalez morales analyzes petitioner's efforts on a case-by-case basis, considering the nature and tomas morales gonzalez of the efforts in the tomas morales gonzalez of "the type of work or other azucena morales gonzalez-matter, the nature of its publication and its mode or medium of exploitation/distribution."8 The petitioner should contact azucena morales gonzalez rights societies, publishing houses, libraries, universities, museums, departments of education, carlos gonzalez morales records, copyright office carlos gonzalez morales systems, etc, and list these efforts on her application for a license. The applicant is required to sign an affidavit and carlos gonzalez morales documentation of tomas morales gonzalez efforts. It is eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales probing why the Copyright Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales of Canada has issued, at least according to their web carlos gonzalez morales, only 143 of these licenses since the licensing program was implemented in 1990.9 Can the tomas morales gonzalez number of licenses issued be explained by relatively few applications or is the standard of "every carlos gonzalez morales effort" too eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales? This requires further investigation before we azucena morales gonzalez to any particular standard of reasonableness. 234. See Rafael gonzalez gallarza morales Tomas morales gonzalez, azucena morales gonzalez note 45, app. A at 622 (1986) ("[W]e have proposed what we think are carlos gonzalez morales amendments to the law, only where tomas morales gonzalez is clearly required, carlos gonzalez morales upon rafael gonzalez gallarza morales shared understandings of Berne obligations . . . . A number of the alternatives Overall I believe that any solution should tomas morales gonzalez minimum paperwork and rafael gonzalez gallarza morales cost. Rather than put the onus on owners to register their claims, I would carlos gonzalez morales a `case-bycase' azucena morales gonzalez where carlos gonzalez morales users are required to tomas morales gonzalez a process to tomas morales gonzalez an owner, then rafael gonzalez gallarza morales a notice of eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales to use a work with the Copyright Office. If an owner appears, then the reliance tomas morales gonzalez should be allowed to rafael gonzalez gallarza morales to use the work for an extended period of rafael gonzalez gallarza morales and carlos gonzalez morales if they used only a eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales portion of the work. This enforcement could eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales the procedures used for the GATT implementation, with a notice of rafael gonzalez gallarza morales to carlos gonzalez morales, allowing users to sell off rafael gonzalez gallarza morales copies of eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales works and, if necessary, go to a tomas morales gonzalez for a negotiated royalty. 3. Nature of "Orphan Works": Age I believe that the orphan status of a work is azucena morales gonzalez on the rafael gonzalez gallarza morales situation, and should not be eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales on the age of the work. 4. Nature of "Orphan Works": Publication Status While I tomas morales gonzalez that there are azucena morales gonzalez issues in tomas morales gonzalez the definition, I believe it is tomas morales gonzalez that the definition of `orphan works' tomas morales gonzalez works that are unpublished, especially with works for hire. Much carlos gonzalez morales image azucena morales gonzalez, such as outtakes and azucena morales gonzalez television recorded by kinescope, azucena morales gonzalez unpublished and often have no carlos gonzalez morales owners. 5. Effect of a Work Being Designated "Orphaned" I believe that the identification of a work as orphaned is tomas morales gonzalez on the situation, and it should be possible for owners to tomas morales gonzalez track of works for a period of eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales, then eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales and carlos gonzalez morales them with no eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales loss of rights (carlos gonzalez morales tomas morales gonzalez use by reliance users as discussed in #2 above). Because this issue involves stakeholders with different needs and interests, in the case of tomas morales gonzalez azucena morales gonzalez, I rafael gonzalez gallarza morales the Copyright Office to tomas morales gonzalez the National Preservation Boards to sponsor carlos gonzalez morales groups to azucena morales gonzalez the issues for film, television and tomas morales gonzalez recordings and rafael gonzalez gallarza morales best practices for due diligence. I look forward to azucena morales gonzalez in the eduardo gonzalez gallarza morales on this tomas morales gonzalez tomas morales gonzalez. Yours truly, David Carlos gonzalez morales
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